Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector enhanced near-infrared II portable confocal microscopy for tissue imaging with indocyanine green

In this Letter a novel, to our knowledge, approach for near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence portable confocal microscopy is introduced, aiming to enhance fluorescence imaging of biological samples in the NIR-II window. By integrating a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) into a confocal microscopy, we have significantly leveraged the detection efficiency of the NIR-II fluorescence signal from indocyanine green (ICG), an FDA-approved dye known for its NIR-II fluorescence capabilities. The SNSPD, characterized by its extremely low dark count rate and optimized NIR system detection efficiency, enables the excitation of ICG with 1 mW and the capture of low-light fluorescence signals from deep regions (up to 512 µm). Consequently, our technique was able to produce high-resolution images of bio samples with a superior signal-to-noise ratio, making a substantial advancement in the field of fluorescence microscopy and offering a promising opportunity for future clinical study.