Management Strategies for a Battery Participating in Day Ahead and Primary Reserve Markets Under Uncertainties

The revenues of battery energy storage systems (BESS) participating simultaneously in different markets such as energy and primary reserve has been widely investigated. In most cases, the system profitability is evaluated with optimization approaches based on historical data for prices and frequency measurements. However, in actual operations, the revenue decreases from such an ideal scenario due to uncertainties and the potential impossibility to fulfill the commitments, which translates into economic penalties. This paper proposes two-stage management strategies of a BESS participating in day-ahead and primary frequency reserve markets. The first stage consists in a day-ahead optimization of the quantities for the energy traded and capacity reserved and is based on simple forecasts. Heuristics strategies are then investigated for the real-time phase, based on actual frequency measurements at 10 seconds. Simulations are performed for data in the French market along 2021 and results obtained show that the proposed management can reach up to 90 % of the theoretical optimum profits obtained with perfect forecasts and optimal control. Especially, the real-time operation limits the penalties due to the impossibility to provide reserve when committed. Lastly, a degradation analysis of the BESS over 10 years shows that ageing remains moderated under 20 %.