Assessment of the Anti-Microbial Activity of Dried Garlic Powders Produced by Different Methods of Drying

The anti-microbial activity of a range of garlic products including dried garlic powder produced by different methods, commercial garlic products, and garlic oil was determined against a range of selected bacteria. The bacteria included food borne pathogens, spoilage agents, and health-beneficial agents, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, and a mixed lactic culture consisting of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. The dried powders were produced using air-drying at both 60 and 80°C, vacuum-drying at 50 and 60°C, and freeze-drying at −20°C. In addition, five commercial products were tested, two of which are used as spices, and three as food supplements. Before testing, the moisture content of the dried garlic powders was raised to that of fresh garlic before drying. Garlic oil was used without any addition of water. In general, the results showed that the lactic culture was the most sensitive to the growth inhibitory active compound of garlic used in this study, followed by Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus cereus demonstrated the greatest resistance to garlic. Generally, fresh garlic produced the greatest inhibition followed by freeze-dried powder. The anti-microbial activity decreased with decreasing dried garlic powder concentration. The results showed that both drying temperature and time have major effects on retaining the active components responsible for the inhibition of microbial growth. The anti-microbial substances in the moist fresh garlic were also affected by moist-heating temperatures and time. Higher heating temperatures caused faster loss of anti-microbial activity. The decrease in growth-inhibition zones for moist-heated fresh garlic followed zero-order kinetics.