Quasiparticle mixing (biasing at the gap voltage) was studied in arrays of small Pb-O-Pb tunnel junctions. Coherent mixing at 9 GHz gave a conversion loss as low as −5.8 dB and a single sideband mixer noise temperature of 10–40 K. The optimal conversion efficiency was obtained where the bias current microwave response was maximal. The arrays of junctions were rugged, and gave a good impedance match to external circuitry.
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Rudner et al. (1979) studied this question.
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