Stabilizing the Nanostructure of SnO₂ Anodes by Transition Metals: A Route to Achieve High Initial Coulombic Efficiency and Stable Capacities for Lithium Storage

To dramatically stabilize the nanostructure of Sn and achieve ultrahigh reversibility of conversion reactions in lithiated SnO2, a series of SnO2–transition metal–graphite ternary nanocomposites are produced by ball milling, demonstrating high initial Coulombic efficiencies up to 88.6%, high reversible capacity (>700 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1), and ultralong cycling life (90.3% of capacity retention after 1300 cycles).