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An alternative to rubble mound construction, with or without precast concrete armor units, is recommended which comprises flexible membranes filled with cement mortar in situ. The placement of these for greatest stability is suggested by maximizing surface contact of sausage type units. Results of tests to derive an economical mortar mix are described. Construction details are outlined together with comparative costs for a marina breakwater.
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Richard Silvester (1986) studied this question.
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