Emerging Trends in Smart and Sustainable Nano-Biosensing: The Role of Green Nanomaterials

Rapid population growth has increased pressure on resources, driving the need for eco-friendly technologies to ensure sustainable energy solutions. Green nanotechnology, a rapidly evolving subset of nanotechnology, requires the use of sustainable nanomaterials and has gained attention for its wide-ranging potential impact in energy, medicine environmental protection, and materials science. The development of smart, sustainable nano-biosensing technologies using bio-based materials has transformed analytical science and medicine. This review examines recent breakthroughs in biological advances and green nanoparticle (NP) fabrication, focusing on plant-derived and bio-based nanomaterials . Their biocompatibility , abundance, and carbonaceous nature make them ideal for cost-effective, eco-friendly solutions with broad industrial application. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current advancements in the field, highlighting the potential of biomass-derived nanostructures in addressing global challenges in healthcare, medicine, agriculture , and environmental sustainability. This review also addresses the toxicology and safety aspects of green nanomaterials . By promoting the convergence of nano-bioengineering and sustainable practices, this work aims to inspire further research and innovation in the development of next-generation biosensing technologies.