Widely accommodating: Novel TiO2/Nb nanotube layers (see picture, right) are grown on a titanium–niobium alloy. Niobium doping of TiO2 enlarges the cell parameters of the anatase lattice (left; Nb green, Ti gray, O red), facilitating the intercalation of H+ and Li+ ions, and even larger Na+ ions (blue) into the lattice.
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Ghicov et al. (2008) studied this question.
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