Synergy of metallic Pt and oxygen vacancy sites in Pt–WO 3− x catalysts for efficiently promoting vanillin hydrodeoxygenation to methylcyclohexane

Pt–WO 3− x catalysts with more Pt 0 species and proximity of oxygen vacancy active sites derived from WO 3− x , assisted by the hydrogen spillover effect, lead to an excellent methylcyclohexane yield (92.5%) at 220 °C, under 4.0 MPa H 2 in n -hexane solvent.