Interleukin‐4 can induce interleukin‐4 production in dendritic cells

The presence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) during the generation of dendritic cells (DC) from precursor cells results in measurable increases of IL-12 in supernatants but IL-4 secretion has not been reported. However, DC have IL-4 receptors and are able to make IL-4. We therefore sought evidence for autocrine effects of IL-4 on DC. IL-4 gene expression was low in DC generated from bone-marrow stem cells in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor but was up-regulated by exposure of the developing DC to IL-4. Exposure to IL-4 also induced intracellular IL-4 production in DC. The intracellular IL-4 induced in the presence of IL-4 was increased following further DC maturation with tumour necrosis factor-alpha. By contrast, in supernatants of DC, IL-4 was rarely detected and only at late culture periods. However, after exposure of DC to IL-4, cell-bound IL-4 was detected transiently, which suggested binding and internalization of the cytokine. Binding via IL-4 receptor-alpha was indicated from phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein 6, which is known to mediate IL-4 function. Cytokine persisting within the supernatants of the cells may therefore be unrepresentative of the actual production and function of IL-4 in the cells; IL-4 may be produced in DC in response to exposure to IL-4 but may then be lost from the supernatants during cell binding and activation of the cells.