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Background Differentiating Pneumocystis jirovecii infection from colonisation is crucial for appropriate therapy administration. In this study, we evaluated the performance of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and serum 1,3-β-D-glucan (BDG) tests in differentiating colonisation and infection with P. jirovecii. Methods From January 2018 to March 2021, 47 patients were enrolled in this study at the Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital. The final diagnosis was used as a reference, and cases were classified into the P. jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) group or the P. jirovecii colonisation (PJC) group. Clinical data were recorded. The performances of mNGS and BDG were compared. Result The fungal load significantly differed between patients with PJP and PJC, with median reads of 3,215.79 ± 1,797 vs . 5.61 ± 0.88 in the PJP and PJC groups, respectively ( P 0.0001). BDG also significantly differed between the two groups, with a median titre of 233.60 ± 39.65 pg/ml in the PJP group and 68.48 ± 19.21 pg/ml in the PJC group ( P = 0.0006). The area under the curve was 0.973 (95%CI: 0.868–1.007) for mNGS of the BAL and 0.879 (95%CI: 0.769–0.989) for the serum BDG. The optimal threshold value for discriminating P. jirovecii infection from colonisation appeared to be 14 reads (sensitivity, 83.3%; specificity, 95.7%; positive likelihood ratio, 19.2) and BDG = 88.6 pg/ml (sensitivity, 79.2%; specificity, 92.9%; positive likelihood ratio, 18.2). No correlation between mNGS reads and the BDG titre was found in mNGS-positive patients ( r 2 = 0.0076, P = 0.583). The levels of lactate dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein were significantly higher in the PJP group than in the PJC group. Conclusion BAL mNGS and serum BDG are useful adjunct tests that can assist with differentiating between colonisation and infection of P. jirovecii .
Liu et al. (Wed,) studied this question.