A barium crown glass:Nd 3+ laser rod which developed permanent internal imperfections during laser pumping was investigated by optical metallography, transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction techniques. The imperfections were found to be microcracks resulting from differential thermal expansion between crystallites (resulting from devitrification) and the surrounding noncrystalline medium. An analysis of the kinetics of devitrification, the radial temperature distribution during pumping and stresses resulting from differential thermal expansion are in agreement with a proposed mechanism for the development of permanent internal imperfections.
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L. I. Van Torne (1966) studied this question.
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