Lung organoids in COPD: recent advances and future prospects

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory airway disease that is characterized by progressive airflow limitation, a high prevalence, and a high mortality rate. However, the specific mechanisms remain unclear, partly due to the lack of robust data from in vitro experimental models and animal models that do not adequately represent the structure and pathophysiology of the human lung. The recent advancement of lung organoid culture systems has facilitated new avenues for the investigation of COPD. Lung organoids are in vitro models derived from adult stem cells, human pluripotent stem cells, or embryonic stem cells, established through three-dimensional culture. They exhibit a high degree of homology and genetic consistency with human tissues and can better mimic human lungs in terms of function and structure compared to other traditional models. This review will summarise the generation process of lung organoids from different cell sources and their application in COPD research, and provide suggestions for future research directions.