Fetal myocardial deformation in maternal diabetes mellitus and obesity

178 fetuses (82 of mothers with diabetes mellitus [FDM], 26 of mothers with obesity [FO], and 70 normal gestational age-matched controls [FC]), mean gestational age ~25 weeks.

Maternal diabetes mellitus or maternal obesity

Normal gestational age-matched control fetuses

Fetal cardiac function (global longitudinal strain, global circumferential strain, average longitudinal systolic strain rate, average circumferential systolic strain rate) assessed using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiographysurrogate