A systematic review on carbon sequestration and energy storage potential in 3D-printed low-carbon composites

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is transforming construction by enabling automated fabrication with minimal material waste; however, its high binder demand increases embodied carbon. This review critically examines recent advances in carbon sequestration and thermal energy storage in 3D-printed low-carbon composites, emphasizing their potential to support carbon-neutral construction. The review discusses sustainable binder systems, including limestone calcined clay cement, geopolymers, reactive magnesium oxide, and other emerging materials, together with carbonation curing, CO2 mixing, CO2 jetting, and carbonated recycled aggregates as effective mineralization strategies. Their influences on printability, mechanical performance, microstructural evolution, durability, and carbon uptake are comprehensively evaluated. Furthermore, the integration of phase change materials for latent thermal energy storage is assessed to highlight multifunctional performance beyond structural applications. Current challenges, knowledge gaps, and future research priorities are identified, providing a comprehensive framework for developing high-performance, carbon-sequestering, energy-efficient, and sustainable additively manufactured cement-based composites.