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The article proves the photon mass is zero in a coding orbit, highlighting its Goldstone mode characteristics.
This article proves that the photon mass is strictly zero—— is an algebraic necessity of the Coding Orbit, without introducing gauge symmetry as a postulate. The photon corresponds to the dominant Eigenvalue of the ℳ sector self-coupling and does not participate in the breathing mode, hence acquires no mass correction. This article provides a proof of the photon as a Goldstone Mode, and the algebraic root of gauge invariance.
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guobin ouyang (2026) studied this question.
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