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Theory examines electron behavior in material properties, highlighting new insights into energy interactions.
The axis-free electron hypothesis paper. Core proposition: the electron is not an axis-bearing material field domain but a gap entity between Energy-level Fluctuation (EF) and boundary fluctuation - possessing no intrinsic potential well, driven by the interference of the field domains on either side (axis-bearing = substrate, axis-free = character). Three lines of validation: 4D-STEM case study (MoS2 charge density Rényi entropy spectrum deviates systematically from Gaussian, H0/H2 = 1.038 reproduced exactly), V10 database statistics on 1,407,278 materials (DS correlates 2.11x stronger with electronic than atomic properties; dispersed states do not conduct), and the mass gap (electron effective mass varies 899-fold within the database and 10^4-10^5-fold across systems in the literature; the proton has no band-edge effective-mass concept). Among six predictions of the dispersed-state blind spot (D1-D6), D6 (biological electron transfer = gap hopping) obtains four independent lines of literature evidence (nitrogenase gating failure, 80 K gating collapse, C11 chain-length-specific switching, dismantling of the DeVault-Chance plateau) and three decisive-experiment designs. The full text is graded by epistemic status (verified / inferential prediction / working hypothesis). Chinese version is the companion translation.
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Chao Qin (2026) studied this question.
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