Aging of the neural stem cell niche: integration of local and muscle-derived systemic signals in preclinical and translational contexts

Aging weakens neural stem cell (NSC) function and reduces brain plasticity, but this process is shaped by more than the brain alone. Local niche cells become disrupted with age and inflammation, while skeletal muscle sends systemic signals through myokines, metabolites, and vascular interfaces. Evidence from exercise, parabiosis, and rejuvenation studies suggests that preserving muscle health may help protect NSC niches and brain regenerative capacity.