Light propagation and gravitational lensing effects in charged Kalb–Ramond spacetime in nonlinear electrodynamics

In this work, we theoretically investigate the deflection of light for strong- and weak-field regimes in the background of an electrically charged BH described in Kalb-Ramond gravity, which introduces the Lorentz symmetry violation parameter l , as well as the control of the degree of nonlinearity incorporated by electrodynamics through the parameter γ . We analytically constructed the expansion coefficients in both limits and used them as a basis to investigate gravitational lensing effects through observables, taking into account the variation of the parameters involved in the model, both for the canonical field and the phantom case.