The gut–brain axis in autism spectrum disorder: microbiome dysbiosis, probiotics, and potential mechanisms of action

The gut–brain axis has garnered significant attention in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research, particularly focusing on microbiome dysbiosis and probiotics as potential interventions. This abstract explores the interplay between and the mechanisms of action. Individuals with ASD commonly exhibit gut microbiome alterations, implicating dysbiosis in ASD pathogenesis. Probiotics, which are beneficial bacterial supplements, have emerged as a promising therapeutic avenue because of their ability to modulate gut microbiota. Potential mechanisms underlying their efficacy include restoration of microbial balance, regulation of immune responses, and production of neuroactive compounds. Probiotics may mitigate gastrointestinal symptoms and ameliorate behavioural manifestations in ASD by influencing gut microbiota composition. Understanding the intricate connections between the gut and the brain in ASD, along with the therapeutic potential of probiotics, offers promising avenues for intervention. Further research elucidating the specific mechanisms and optimizing probiotic formulations could lead to more effective treatments for individuals with ASD.