The NH ₂ Terminus of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Regulatory Protein ICP0 Contains a Promoter-Specific Transcription Activation Domain

The transcriptional program of herpes simplex virus is regulated by the concerted action of three immediate-early (alpha) proteins, ICP4, ICP27, and ICP0. The experiments described in this study examine the role of the acidic amino terminus (amino acids 1 to 103) of ICP0 in gene activation. When tethered to a DNA binding domain, this sequence activates transcription in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion of these amino acids affects the ability of ICP0 to activate alpha-gene promoter reporters in transient expression assays, while it has little or no effect on a beta- and a gamma-gene reporter in the same assay. Viruses that express the deleted form of ICP0 (ICP0-NX) have a small-plaque phenotype on both Vero cells and the complementing cell line L7. Transient expression and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrate that ICP0-NX is a dominant negative form of ICP0. Immunoprecipitation of ICP0 from cells coinfected with viruses expressing ICP0-NX and ICP0 revealed that ICP0 oligomerizes in infected cells. These data, in conjunction with the finding that ICP0-N/X is dominant negative, provide both biochemical and genetic evidence that ICP0 functions as a multimer in infected cells.