Biowaste‐Derived Rankinite: A Study on Its Hemocompatibility, Antimicrobial, and Osteogenic Properties for Hard Tissue Regeneration

The development of advanced biomaterials for orthopedic applications continues to face major challenges, particularly in achieving optimal biocompatibility, and antimicrobial performance, for effective bone regeneration. This study investigates biowaste‐derived rankinite as a multifunctional material, focusing on its antimicrobial properties, hemocompatibility, and its ability to induce osteogenic differentiation. The comprehensive investigation includes physicochemical analysis, microbiological assessment, and biological performance evaluation using human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hADMSCs). Structural and elemental compositions were confirmed through advanced analytical techniques, whereas antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated against representative Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacterial strains. Notably, the rankinite bioceramics demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial activity, achieving a significant 62% inhibition against Gram‐negative bacterial strains at lower concentrations of about 2 mg/mL. The material exhibited a significant hemocompatibility, with hemolysis percentages maintained well below critical thresholds. The in vitro biocompatibility analyses indicated excellent attachment and significant proliferation of seeded hADMSCs from day 3 up to day 14 and its significant osteogenic gene expression (BMP2, COL1, and OSPN) on day 14 when compared with the monolayer culture. These results highlight the significant potential of rankinite as a promising biomaterial, offering favorable hemocompatibility, strong antimicrobial activity, and supporting excellent osteogenic precurosr cell adhesion, and its robust osteogenic differentiation capabilities.