Comprehensive review on the research and field application of preformed particle gel conformance control technology

High water production is a common problem in mature oil reservoirs. Gel-based treatments have been widely used as blocking agents to control water production in heterogeneous reservoirs. A comprehensive review of preformed particle gels (PPGs) status, properties, treatment methods, and mathematical modeling are being discussed in the present study. Different types of PPGs are categorized, and the main parameters for evaluating gel performance, including size of particles, swelling capacity, rheological properties, and plugging efficiency are discussed with a brief review of related experimental studies. PPG hybrid methods of oil recovery enhancement are studied carefully, and some essential items are explained. Studies show that PPG can be coupled with other methods like low salinity water flooding , surfactant flooding, weak polymer gel flooding, and polymer flooding . Finally, simulation and mathematical modeling of PPG treatment in channels, fractures, and porous media are reviewed briefly.