Characteristics of titanium indiffused waveguides in lithium niobate have been investigated. The effects of diffusion time, temperature, and ambient atmosphere on mode structure, surface refractive index, and profile, waveguide depth, surface morphology, and composition are described. Similarities and discrepancies between these and any previously published results are discussed and mechanisms for new features proposed. The necessity for fabrication in an oxygen atmosphere at elevated temperatures is demonstrated, and directions for further investigation indicated.
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Griffiths et al. (1984) studied this question.
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