Myxovirus Resistance Protein A as a Marker of Viral Cause of Illness in Children Hospitalized with an Acute Infection

Figures

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  FIG 1. Participant flowchart.

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  FIG 2. Blood MxA protein levels in 265 children hospitalized with an acute infection according to the etiology. For each group, the horizontal line represents the median, the box the upper and lower quartiles, and the whiskers the 95% confidence interval (CI). Circles indicate outliers extending beyond 1.5 times and up to three times the interquartile range, and asterisks indicate extreme values beyond three times the interquartile range. For pairwise comparisons of the groups “viral infection” and “viral-bacterial coinfection” with “bacterial infection” and “bacterial infection with coincidental virus finding,” P < 0.001 for all comparisons (as determined by the Mann-Whitney U test).

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  FIG 3. Differentiation between viral and bacterial infections by MxA and MxA/CRP ratio. (A) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for blood MxA protein level and blood MxA (μg/L) to CRP (mg/L) ratio in differentiating between children with a viral (n = 39) or bacterial (n = 75) infection. Area under the curve (AUC) = 0.81 (95% CI = 0.73 to 0.90) and 0.89 (95% CI = 0.83 to 0.96), respectively. (B) ROC curve for blood MxA protein level in differentiating between children (n = 142) with a symptomatic viral infection with or without a simultaneous bacterial infection and children (n = 105) without a symptomatic viral infection. AUC, 0.79 (95% CI = 0.73 to 0.85).

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  FIG 4. Effect of age on blood MxA protein levels in children without a symptomatic viral infection and with a symptomatic viral infection. For each group, the horizontal line represents the median, the box the upper and lower quartiles, and the whiskers the 95% CI. Circles indicate outliers extending beyond 1.5 times and up to three times the interquartile range, and asterisk indicates an extreme value beyond three times the interquartile range. For comparison of children <2 years and ≥2 years without a symptomatic viral infection, P = 0.003, and for comparison of children <2 years and ≥2 years with a symptomatic viral infection, P = 0.045 (as determined by the Mann-Whitney U test).