Cardiovascular disease risk factors and socioeconomic variables in a nation undergoing epidemiologic transition

11,959 adults aged ≥30 years living in urban and rural areas in Malaysia. Ethnic breakdown (based on 7,135 respondents with complete income data): 71.4% Malays, 10.5% Chinese, 2.9% Indians, and 15.2% others.

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, overweight) and their association with socioeconomic and demographic variables