Identification of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphomas with higher clonal dominance and poorer outcome using 5′RACE

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There is a scarcity of data on the tumor B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire and lymphoid microenvironment in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL). We applied 5' rapid amplification of complimentary DNA ends (5'RACE) to tumor RNA samples from 137 patients with PMBL with available gene expression profiling and next-generation sequencing data. We obtained 5'RACE results for 75 of the 137 (54.7%) patients with the following clinical characteristics: median age (range), 33 years (18-64); female, 53.3%; performance status score 0 to 1, 86.7%; stage I to II, 57.3%; first-line treatment with anti-CD20 plus doxorubicin-based chemotherapy, 100%. Among the 60 biopsies that expressed a productive BCR, we highlighted a strong somatic hypermutation profile, defined as <98% identity to the germ line sequence, with 58 (96.7%) patients carrying mutated IgVH. We then identified a subgroup of 12 of the 75 patients (16%) with a worse prognosis (progression-free survival [PFS]: hazard ratio [HR], 17; overall survival [OS]: HR, 21) that was associated with the highest clonal dominance (HCD) status, defined as the dominant clonotype representing >81.1% and >78.6% of all complementarity-determining region 3 sequences for IgVH and IgVL, respectively. When compared with other patients, this subgroup had similar clinical characteristics but a greater median allele frequency for all somatic variants, a decreased BCR diversity, and greater expression of PDL1/PDL2 and MS4A1 genes, suggesting greater tumoral infiltration. We confirmed this poorer prognosis in a multivariate model and in an independent validation cohort in which 6 of 37 (16%) PMBL patients exhibited HCD (PFS: HR, 12; OS: HR, 17).