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Surveys show that employees at all levels lack explicit career objectives and plans. But increasing awareness of the need for career planning is developing as psychologists and managers identify the contributions that career planning can make in increasing the meaning and purpose of work for the individual, as well as reducing the costly problems of low job involvement and high turnover for the employer. The authors describe and evaluate several strategies available to management in this area.
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Bowen et al. (1977) studied this question.
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