Comprehensive review of Clostridium difficile infection: Epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment

In recent years, nosocomial infections caused by Clostridium difficile (C. difficile ) have risen, becoming a leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. The global prevalence of C. difficile infection (CDI) varies across regions and populations. The diagnosis relies primarily on laboratory testing, including toxin, glutamate dehydrogenase, and nucleic acid amplification tests. Treatment strategies for CDI include antimicrobial therapy (e.g., metronidazole, vancomycin, and fidamycin), fecal transplantation, and immunotherapy (e.g., belotozumab), depending on the patient’s specificity and severity. This paper reviews recent research on CDI’s epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, aiming to support hospitals and public health initiatives in implementing effective detection, prevention, and treatment strategies.