The purpose of this study was to discover whether there are statistically significant differences between the top-quarter arithmetic achievers and the bottom-quarter arithmetic achievers at sixth-grade level in certain psychological and sociological characteristics. These characteristics included the personality dimensions found on the California Test of Personality (1953 revision), Elementary Form AA—Grades 4–8, the Dutton Arithmetic Attitude Scale (adapted), sex, and two socioeconomic levels.
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Cleveland et al. (1967) studied this question.