Frictional response of normal and osteoarthritic articular cartilage in human femoral head

We evaluated the microscale frictional response of human articular cartilage in different osteoarthritis stages using an atomic force microscope. Four human femoral heads (60-80 years old) with different osteoarthritis stages were explanted, and two cylindrical cartilage samples were sectioned from each femoral head. The microscale frictional coefficient mu of human cartilage in phosphate-buffered saline increased with increasing osteoarthritis stages, resulting in mu = 0.119 +/- 0.036 for stage 0 (normal cartilage), 0.151 +/- 0.039 for stage I, 0.158 +/- 0.041 for stage 2, and 0.409 +/- 0.119 for stage 3. Statistically significant differences of mu values for different osteoarthritis stages were detected only between stage 3 and other stages (p < 0.0001). The average surface roughness Rq significantly increased with increasing osteoarthritis stages, ranging from 137 +/- 25 nm for stage 0 to 533 +/- 196 nm for stage 3. A significant correlation between mu and Rq for different osteoarthritis stages was observed (R2 = 0.981). These results demonstrate a positive correlation between the osteoarthritis stages and cartilage surface roughness, and the dependence of the human cartilage frictional response, on osteoarthritis progression. The results could be due to a decrease in the superficial zone protein concentration during the natural progression of osteoarthritis.