A new giant actuation mechanism is demonstrated for sheets of carbon single-wall nanotubes that produces a 3 % actuator stroke in the in-plane direction, and amplification to over 300 % in the thickness direction. Electrochemically generated gas bubbles form in the internal pores of the nanotube sheets (see Figure), producing a pneumatic-type actuation at low application voltages.
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Spinks et al. (2002) studied this question.