Detecting spatiotemporal b-value anomalies with a progressive deep learning architecture

Identifying systematic patterns in seismicity that precede large earthquakes remains a central challenge in statistical seismology. In this work, we present a methodological framework for detecting spatiotemporal anomalies in seismicity using the evolution of gridded b -values. Focusing on the Japanese subduction zone, we construct daily b -value fields on a fine spatial grid by aggregating local seismicity over moving time windows, yielding a continuous 2+1D representation of seismic-state evolution. We formulate the problem as a binary classification task in which spatiotemporal blocks extracted from these b -value fields are labeled according to the occurrence of a target earthquake with M W ≥ 5 in the central region within the next day. To model this data, we introduce a hybrid deep-learning architecture that combines a spatial convolutional encoder with a temporal convolutional network, enabling joint learning of spatial structure and temporal dynamics. A progressive meta-epoch training scheme is employed, in which the model is iteratively updated using a time-forward strategy that mirrors operational deployment and mitigates issues related to nonstationarity. This paper is strictly methodological in scope. It describes the construction of b -value fields, the spatiotemporal sampling strategy, the network architecture, and the progressive training and internal validation framework used for model development and parameter selection.