The 2020s have been marked by increased attention to data‐intensive information systems that maintain consistency with the evolving state of physical assets. We call the digital models of the connected physical systems “digital twins” (AIAA Digital Engineering Integration Committee 2021), while “digital thread” refers to the foundational framework of protocols, standards, and linked representations that maintains contextual meaning and traceability as data crosses tool, discipline, organizational, and lifecycle boundaries (AIAA Digital Engineering Integration Committee 2023). The practical and theoretical methods for producing these systems make up digital engineering (Griffin 2018), a discipline that formalizes and institutionalizes modeling as a primary, lifecycle‐spanning engineering approach and is characterized by improved data sharing, model interoperability, and effective reuse.
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Kambhampaty et al. (2026) studied this question.
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