This study explored the relationship between White privilege awareness and White racial identity development for 197 counseling trainees. Results indicated that 3 of J. E. Helms's (1984, 1990, 1995) White racial identity statuses (i.e., Contact, Reintegration, and Immersion/Emersion) significantly predicted White privilege awareness. Implications for counselor development and research are discussed.
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Hays et al. (2008) studied this question.
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