Animal models and lysosomal pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis represents a leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Its onset and progression involve complex mechanisms, including inflammation, dysregulation of lipid metabolism, lysosomal dysfunction, and other contributing factors. As intracellular organelles responsible for degradation, lysosomes not only participate in lipid metabolism but also play a pivotal role in foam cell formation and the stabilization of arterial plaques. In recent years, various animal models have been employed to investigate the relationship between lysosomal dysfunction and atherosclerosis, offering novel insights into its pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies. This review systematically examines the types of atherosclerosis animal models, the lysosomal mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis, and the prospects and challenges associated with these models. These insights aim to facilitate a deeper understanding of the molecular pathological mechanisms of atherosclerosis and offer novel directions and a robust theoretical foundation for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.