School-based mental health interventions for adolescents: supporting typically developing students and students with neurodevelopmental disorders

Mental health interventions in schools are essential for supporting adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Schools offer a unique setting for early intervention due to their accessibility and continuity, promoting regular monitoring and engagement. This review explores a multi-tiered mental health framework that includes universal, targeted, and intensive strategies such as social-emotional learning (SEL), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), peer-support programs, and culturally responsive practices. Evidence suggests that these interventions improve mental health outcomes, enhancing academic performance, social skills, and resilience. SEL programs build competencies like emotional regulation, while CBT reduces symptoms of anxiety, depression, and behavioral issues. Peer-support initiatives offer accessible support, reducing stigma within the school community. For students with NDDs, specialized interventions such as social skills training and applied behavior analysis (ABA) demonstrate positive impacts on social functioning and school engagement. The review also examines implementation barriers, including limited resources and the lack of culturally adaptable approaches. Teacher training and community involvement emerge as vital for bridging gaps in mental health support. Advocacy for policy and funding is essential to sustain these programs, ensuring they meet the diverse needs of all students. Through an inclusive, collaborative approach, school-based interventions significantly contribute to adolescent development and well-being.