Sleep restriction caused impaired emotional regulation without detectable brain activation changes—a functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Figure 1.. Inclusion flowchart.

Figure 2.. Experimental task. Stimuli were shown for 5 s following 2 s of instruction (arrow). After stimuli, a blank screen was shown for 2 s, and after that participants were asked to rate how well they succeeded with the task on a 7-point scale. A cursor was initially placed on ‘4’. Note: The stimuli shown in this figure are not IAPS pictures and were not included in the task.

Figure 3.. Main effect of the contrast negative > neutral for the maintain instruction. (a) Negative > neutral, all participants. (b) Negative > neutral, young participants. (c) Negative > neutral, older participants. (d) Negative > neutral, all participants. Stimuli modelled with a duration of 0 s.

Figure 4.. Downregulate > maintain for negative pictures (a) All participants. (b) Our data (in red), regions of interest from Kalish meta-analysis indicated in blue. (c) Downregulate > maintain, young participants. (d) Downregulate > maintain, older participants.

Figure 5.. Upregulate > maintain. (a) All. (b) Young. (c) Older.

Figure 6.. (a) Rated success in following the instructions. Younger and older participants behaved quite differently in the scanner. In young participants, sleep restriction caused a significant decrease in rated success for maintain neutral, downregulate and upregulate negative. Dots represent means and vertical lines 95% CI. (b) Rated unpleasantness. In younger participants, sleep restriction caused a borderline significant effect on ratings of unpleasantness in a subsample.

Figure 7.. (a) Connectivity from left amygdala that increases for negative compared to neutral pictures. (b) Connectivity from right amygdala that increases for negative compared to neutral pictures.