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The methodology developed by the Bureau d'Economie Théorique et Appliquée (BETA) for the economic evaluation of the indirect effects of large public R&D programmes is described, with special reference to space projects. It is designed to provide a minimal estimation, with the use of direct interviews with the managers of firms and taking into account a large range of possible indirect effects. One of the main values of the approach is to place intangible effects alongside those of a purely quantitative kind.
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Bach et al. (1992) studied this question.
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