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Joan S. Stark, Malcolm A. Lowther, Bonnie M. K. Hagerty, Cynthia Orczyk, A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Preservice Professional Programs in Colleges and Universities, The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 57, No. 3 (May - Jun., 1986), pp. 231-258
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Stark et al. (1986) studied this question.
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