Editorial: Edema in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Epidemiological data from Europe and North America suggest that 1-1.5% of the adult population 10 has heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF). Development of edema 11 (pulmonary or systemic) is a major hallmark of heart failure (HF) and a key driver of symptoms, such 12 as exertional dyspnea and fatigue, reduced quality of life, morbidity and mortality (1). 13 Timely identification and treatment of edema are critical strategies in HF management, but are both 14 difficult, for many reasons. A certain degree of peripheral edema is frequent in the elderly, but it 15 might be due to poor mobility or use of treatments such as dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial 73 relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 74