Effects of phosphate mining-induced P and F pollution on soil fungal communities: Spatial variations in structure and function

• Geological apatite provides both P and F to the surrounding environment. • The abundance of phosphate-solubilizing fungi was enhanced near phosphate ore. • Phosphate ore did not significantly change the assembly process of fungal community. • Slightly elevated F showed more significant influences on fungal community composition than P. • The stress resistance of soil fungi community near phosphate ore was enhanced. Phosphate ore is the primary phosphorus (P) source for the ecosystem. Meanwhile, the intense exploitation of phosphate ore results in an escalating release of fluorine (F) into the soil, posing potential risk to both the ecological system and public health. Thus, this study collected soil samples from distinct distances from phosphate ore. Mild F contamination (∼9 mg/kg, water-soluble) was detected in the areas near phosphate ore. Elevated concentrations of F and P were associated with an evident increase of fungal community richness and Ascomycota abundance. Additionally, F stress may weaken the co-occurrence networks and decrease the centralization of fungal communities. These responses of fungal communities enhanced their stress resistance capabilities. Meanwhile, P accumulation was observed for the soils near phosphate ore, which was consistent with the elevation of the abundance of phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF), enhancing the ability of this community to drive P cycle. This study offered a new perspective for sustainable management of phosphate mining, especially considering the pollution balance of P and F, and the microbial response to them.