Hormonal Interplay of GAs and Abscisic Acid in Rice Germination and Growth Under Low-Temperature Stress

Seed germination and early growth in rice are critical stages influenced by the hormonal balance between gibberellins (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA), particularly under low-temperature stress. This study investigated the effects of GA3 and ABA on seed germination, embryonic growth, gene expression, and biochemical activities in rice cultivars with contrasting tolerance to low temperatures. GA3 markedly improved germination in resistant cultivars Nagdong and CNDH77, whereas susceptible cultivars showed minimal improvement, while ABA strongly inhibited germination, especially under higher concentrations. GA3 also promoted embryonic growth, with resistant cultivars displaying the longest embryo cells (10.10 µm and 13.49 µm, respectively), whereas ABA suppressed embryonic growth and completely inhibited germination in susceptible cultivars. Upregulation of GA biosynthesis (OsCPS1 and OsKS1) and signaling genes (OsGID1 and OsGID2) in resistant cultivars correlated with enhanced germination and growth, whereas ABA-induced ABI5 expression suppressed germination, particularly in susceptible cultivars. Hormone quantification confirmed increased endogenous GA3 after GA3 treatment and reduced ABA levels under ABA treatment. Additionally, GA3 modulated ABA signaling genes, upregulating OSK3, ABI3, ABI4, and ABI5, while ABA treatment had contrasting effects, particularly between resistant and susceptible cultivars. GA3 treatment also enhanced the expression of GA biosynthesis and signaling genes (OsCPS1, OsKS1, OsGID1, and OsGID2), whereas ABA treatment upregulated ABA catabolic genes (OsABA8ox2). GA3 also enhanced amylase activity and sugar-related gene expression, supporting its role in energy mobilization during germination. Conversely, ABA suppressed cell elongation, reducing it to 4.45 µm in CNDH77 under 100 µM ABA. These findings provide valuable insights into the hormonal regulation of rice seed germination and growth under low-temperature stress, offering potential strategies to enhance seed vigor and stress tolerance in rice breeding.