An organizational profitability, productivity, performance (PPP) model: Going beyond TQM and BPR

This paper analyses the two popular and widespread organizational development models, total quality management (TQM) and business process re-engineering (BPR). It proposes an organizational profitability, productivity, performance (PPP) model that integrates and enhances the two approaches with a synergistic perspective. Emphasis is placed on major elements such as quality, people, customers, adaptability, business processes and leadership that organizations may use to improve profitability, productivity, and performance.