We discuss symmetry properties of various phases that can result when biaxial objects with at least one polar axis are orientationally ordered and packed on layers. The possibility of spontaneous splay, bend and twist is also investigated for biaxial nematic, smectic banana and dolphin phases. We further discuss appropriate order parameters and expressions for Ginzburg-Landau free energies for some phase transitions involving these phases.
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Pleiner et al. (2000) studied this question.
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