Assessment of Solar Energy Technologies in Meeting the 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals Under an Interval-Valued Fermatean Fuzzy Environment

Renewable energy sources, particularly solar energy, play a vital role in achieving the 2030 agenda and sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Africa. While not explicitly addressed in the millennium development goals (MDGs), renewable energy, including solar energy technologies, indirectly contributed to MDGs targets in Africa. Nevertheless, the absence of quantifiable assessments regarding the impacts of solar energy technologies, potentially attributed to limited implementation in the developing world, motivates this paper to evaluate their potential impact in Africa. The analysis, based on a two-level criteria framework and utilizing the interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy analytical hierarchy process methodology, identifies the top three potential impacts as the reduction of CO2 emissions, monetary savings, and the diminishment of air pollution.