Why the study?
Formal, staged assessment of the efficacy and safety of surgical procedures remains uncommon, as many are developed based on anatomical and pathophysiological principles rather than pharmaceutical-style evaluation.
Comparison
Models for pharmaceutical vs surgical innovation in North America
Design
Review and debate
Authors
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Surgeons should apply greater caution to untested innovations; leaves open optimal staged assessment frameworks for procedures.
Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
Roberts et al. (2019) studied this question.
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