Roadmap to the Mechanisms of Aortic Regurgitation on Echocardiography

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Type Ia AR Is Associated With Dilation of the AAo and SJ Schematic showing the outline of a normal aortic root and ascending aorta (black) and changes expected in Type Ia aortic regurgitation (AR) (i.e., a dilated sinotubular junction [SJ] and ascending aorta [AAo]) (left panel). On the right, 2-dimensional and color Doppler images of the aortic root in a patient with Type 1a AR (A to D). See text for details. L = left coronary cusp; N = non-coronary cusp; R = right coronary cusp; SoV = sinus of Valsalva; VAJ = ventriculoaortic junction.

• 

  Figure 2. Type Ib AR Is Associated With Dilation of the SoV and SJ Schematic showing the outline of a normal aortic root and ascending aorta (black) and changes expected in Type Ib AR (i.e., a dilated SoV and SJ) (left panel). On the right, 2-dimenstsional and color Doppler images of the aortic root in a patient with Type 1b AR (A to D). See text for details. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.

• 

  Figure 3. Type Ic AR Is Associated With Dilation of the VAJ Schematic showing the outline of a normal aortic root and ascending aorta (black) and changes expected in Type Ic AR related to dilation of the VAJ (left panel). On the right, 2-dimenstional and color Doppler images of the aortic root in a patient with Type 1c AR (A to E). See text for details. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.

• 

  Figure 4. Type Id AR Is Associated With Leaflet Perforation Schematic showing the outline of the aortic root and ascending aorta (black) and changes expected in Type Id AR (i.e., perforation of the aortic valve leaflet) (left panel). On the right, 2-dimensional, 2-dimensional color Doppler, 3-dimensional narrow-angle, and 3-dimensional color Doppler images of the aortic root are depicted in a patient with Type 1d AR (A to H). Blue arrows identify the area of leaflet perforation in the noncoronary cusp. See text for details. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.

• 

  Figure 5. Type II AR Is Associated With Excessive Leaflet Motion Schematic showing the outline of the aortic root and ascending aorta (black) and changes expected in Type II AR (i.e., leaflet prolapse) in red (left panel). On the right, 2D and color Doppler images of the aortic root are depicted in a patient with Type II AR (A to D). See text for details. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.

• 

  Figure 6. Type III AR Is Associated With Leaflet Restriction Schematic showing the outline of the aortic root and ascending aorta (black) and changes expected in Type III AR (i.e., restricted leaflet motion) (left panel). On the right, 2-dimensional, 2-dimensional color Doppler, 3-dimensional narrow-angle, and 3-dimensional color Doppler images of the aortic root are depicted in a patient with Type III AR (A to G). White arrows identify the area of leaflet malcoaptation shown in the end-systolic frame. See text for details. LVOT = left ventricular outflow tract; other abbreviations as in Figure 1.

• 

  Figure 7. Diagram of the Aortic Root See text for details.