Novel In-Frame Deletion in HTRA1 Gene, Responsible for Stroke at a Young Age and Dementia—A Case Study

Biallelic mutations in the high-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) gene are known to cause an extremely rare cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL), which belongs to the group of hereditary cerebral small vessel diseases and is mainly observed in the Japanese population. Even though this pathology is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, recent studies have described symptomatic carriers with heterozygous HTRA1 mutations who have milder symptoms than patients with biallelic HTRA1 mutations. We present the case of a Lithuanian male patient who had a stroke at the age of 36, experienced several transient ischemic attacks, and developed an early onset, progressing dementia. These clinical symptoms were associated with extensive leukoencephalopathy, lacunar infarcts, and microbleeds based on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A novel heterozygous in-frame HTRA1 gene deletion (NM_002775.5:c.533_535del; NP_002766.1:p.(Lys178del)) was identified by next generation sequencing. The variant was consistent with the patient's phenotype, which could not be explained by alternative causes, appeared highly deleterious after in silico analysis, and was not reported in the medical literature or population databases to date.