Lower ghrelin levels does not impact the metabolic benefit induced by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Figures

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  Figure 1. Increment of ghrelin after RYGB C57BL/6J mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks prior to and 3 weeks after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB). mRNA levels of gastric Ghrelin, and plasma total ghrelin and acyl-ghrelin were measured and the ratio of acyl-ghrelin/total ghrelin calculated. β-actin was used as internal control. Data was presented as mean ± SEM. P values were determined by unpaired t test. *P<0.05 vs. sham. n=4 mice per group.

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  Figure 2. Effect of RYGB on food intake and body weight in TG mice with lower ghrelin levels Ghrl-TSC1 -/- (TG) transgenic mice were generated by cross-breeding Ghrl-cre transgenes with TSC1 flox/flox mice. Validated TG mice and wild-type littermates (WT) were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks before surgery and 3 weeks after surgery. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM. P values were determined by unpaired t test or one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey multiple post hoc analysis. *P<0.05 vs. WT Sham. #P < 0.05 vs. TG Sham. (A) Plasma total ghrelin (n=6 and 7 for WT and TG respectively). (B) mRNA levels of gastric Ghrelin in WT or TG mice with sham or RYGB surgery. β-actin was used as internal control (n=4 mice per group). (C) Cumulative food intake. (D) Body weight and weight change after RYGB surgery (n=6 for WT sham, 4 for WT RYGB, 4 for TG sham, and 4 for TG RYGB).

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  Figure 3. Effect of RYGB on glycemic control in TG mice with lower ghrelin levelsValidated TG mice and wild-type littermates were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks before surgery and 3 weeks after surgery. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM. P values were determined by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey multiple post hoc analysis. *P<0.05 vs. WT Sham. #P<0.05 vs. TG Sham. n=4 mice per group. (A) Oral glucose tolerance test and the area under curve. (B) Insulin tolerance test and the area under curve.

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  Figure 4. Effect of RYGB on white adipose tissue beigeing in TG mice with lower ghrelin levels Validated TG mice and wild-type littermates (WT) were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks before surgery and 3 weeks after surgery. Shown were histological (H&E) morphology, tissue weight, mRNA levels of brown-adipocyte marker genes (Ucp1, Ucp3, Pgc1α) and white-adipocyte marker genes (Agt, Psat, Anxa1) of sWAT (A), eWAT (B) and BAT (C) of WT or TG mice. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM. P values were determined by one/two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey multiple post hoc analysis.*P<0.05 vs. WT Sham. #P<0.05 vs. TG Sham. n=4-6 mice per group.

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  Figure 5. Effect of RYGB on liver steatosis in TG mice with lower ghrelin levels Validated TG mice and wild-type littermates (WT) were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks before surgery and 3 weeks after surgery. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM. P values were determined by one/two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey multiple post hoc analysis. *P<0.05 vs. WT Sham. #P<0.05 vs. TG Sham. n=4-6 mice per group. (A) Liver histology (H&E), Oil red staining, hepatic and plasmic contents of triglyceride. (B) mRNA levels of hepatic lipogenesis, β-oxidation and lipolysis marker genes.